See insula on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "insulostriatal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "perinsular"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "īnsula",
"4": "",
"5": "island"
},
"expansion": "Latin īnsula (“island”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "isle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of isle",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin īnsula (“island”). Doublet of isle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "insulas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "insulae",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "s",
"2": "insulae"
},
"expansion": "insula (plural insulas or insulae)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"in",
"su",
"la"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "insular"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "insulate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "insulation"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "isolate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "isolation"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "peninsula"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A block of buildings in a Roman town."
],
"id": "en-insula-en-noun-en:block_of_buildings_in_a_Roman_town",
"links": [
[
"building",
"building"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A block of buildings in a Roman town."
],
"senseid": [
"en:block of buildings in a Roman town"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"word": "insula"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"word": "roomalainen vuokrakasarmi"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"lang_code": "mr",
"roman": "insulā",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"word": "इनसुला"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ínsula"
},
{
"_dis1": "97 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"word": "insula"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Neuroanatomy",
"orig": "en:Neuroanatomy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "32 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Marathi translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 57",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Ancient Rome",
"orig": "en:Ancient Rome",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
24
]
],
"ref": "2007 February 6, Sandra Blakeslee, “A Small Part of the Brain, and Its Profound Effects”, in New York Times:",
"text": "All mammals have insulas that read their body condition, Dr. Craig said.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
10
]
],
"ref": "2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 608:",
"text": "The insula registers our physical gut feelings, including the sensation of a distended stomach and other inner states like nausea, warmth, a full bladder, and a pounding heart.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A structure of the human brain located within the sylvian fissure."
],
"id": "en-insula-en-noun-en:neuroanatomy",
"links": [
[
"neuroanatomy",
"neuroanatomy"
],
[
"brain",
"brain"
],
[
"sylvian fissure",
"sylvian fissure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neuroanatomy) A structure of the human brain located within the sylvian fissure."
],
"senseid": [
"en:neuroanatomy"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "insular cortex"
},
{
"word": "island of Reil"
}
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"neuroanatomy",
"neurology",
"neuroscience",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "6 94",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus",
"word": "aivosaari"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 94",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus",
"word": "insula"
},
{
"_dis1": "6 94",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ínsula"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪnsjuːlə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪnsulə/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Sumxr-insula.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-insula.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-insula.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-insula.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-insula.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": ":af",
"3": "insulo<t:island>",
"4": "-a",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nEsperanto insulo\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Italic *-ā\nLatin -ader.\n▲\nLatin -a\nItalian -ader.\n▲\nLatin -a\nOld Spanish -a\nSpanish -ader.\nEsperanto -a\nEsperanto insula\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"feminine\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-ā<id:nominal>\", \"id\" : \"nominal\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"id\" : \"feminine\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-ā<id:nominal>\", \"id\" : \"nominal\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Spanish\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"osp\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Spanish\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"es\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Esperanto\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"eo\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Esperanto\", \"term\" : \"insula\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"eo\" }\" data-lang=\"eo\" data-title=\"insula\">\nFrom insulo (“island”) + -a.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nEsperanto insulo\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Italic *-ā\nLatin -ader.\n▲\nLatin -a\nItalian -ader.\n▲\nLatin -a\nOld Spanish -a\nSpanish -ader.\nEsperanto -a\nEsperanto insula\nFrom insulo (“island”) + -a.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "insulan",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "insulaj",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "insulajn",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "insula (accusative singular insulan, plural insulaj, accusative plural insulajn)",
"name": "eo-head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"in‧su‧la"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"in‧su‧la"
]
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto terms suffixed with -a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"insular"
],
"id": "en-insula-eo-adj-EhiufFIn",
"links": [
[
"insular",
"insular"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/inˈsula/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ula"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "insulas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ia",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "insulas",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"head": "",
"pagename": ""
},
"expansion": "insula (plural insulas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "insula (plural insulas)",
"name": "ia-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Interlingua entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"island"
],
"id": "en-insula-ia-noun-KM0sXBXR",
"links": [
[
"island",
"island#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "insular"
}
]
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Īnsula"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "īnsulānus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "īnsulāris"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "īnsulārius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "īnsulēnsis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "īnsulō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "īnsulōsus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "paenīnsula"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "insua"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ínsua"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "inssoa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "insua"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ínsua"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "insoa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "insua"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ínsua"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "insua"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "insla"
}
],
"lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"word": "isula"
},
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "îṡla"
},
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "îsla"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "ila"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "isola"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "isla"
}
],
"lang": "Old Navarro-Aragonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ona"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "île"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "isle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "île"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "île"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrf",
"word": "île"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "iye"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "isle"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "yle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "isle"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ile"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "isle"
},
{
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"lang_code": "nap",
"word": "isule"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ilha"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "illa"
},
{
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ilha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "illa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ilha"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "illa"
},
{
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ilha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ilha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "iscla"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "illa"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "iscla"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "illa"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "ilha"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "iscla"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "illa"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "ísla"
},
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "ízla"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "islla"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "isla"
},
{
"lang": "Extremaduran",
"lang_code": "ext",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "isla"
},
{
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ysla"
},
{
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "yslla"
},
{
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "yslha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "isule"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "ìsule"
}
],
"lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "isula"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "ìsula"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "ixoła"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "ixola"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ishull"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"lang_code": "nap"
},
{
"lang": "Calabrian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn"
}
],
"lang": "Southern and insular Italian languages",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"learned borrowing",
"learned"
],
"word": "insula"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*insulā"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ínsula"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "insulă"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ínsula"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"id": "island"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "νῆσος",
"3": "",
"4": "island"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek νῆσος (nêsos, “island”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*enistī",
"3": "",
"4": "island"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *enistī (“island”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "enez"
},
"expansion": "Breton enez",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "inis",
"id": "island"
},
"expansion": "Irish inis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ynys"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ynys",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*selh₂-",
"4": "*solh₂-",
"5": "place, ground"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“place, ground”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "salà",
"3": "",
"4": "island"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian salà (“island”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The relation to similar forms such as Ancient Greek νῆσος (nêsos, “island”) and Proto-Celtic *enistī (“island”) (whence Breton enez, Irish inis and Welsh ynys) is unclear.\nPokorny (1959) tentatively connects it to salum (“the sea”): he posits ellipsis from terra in salō (“land in the sea”) to in (“in”) + salō, invoking the similar Ancient Greek word ἔναλος (énalos, “maritime”). De Vaan considers this derivation phonetically solid, though semantically vague and unlikely. For an alternative he offers a connection of *-sul- to Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“place, ground”) as in solum; compare Lithuanian salà (“island”). Perhaps instead of foreign or substrate origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "īnsula",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsula",
"links": [
[
"īnsula",
"insula#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulārum",
"links": [
[
"īnsulārum",
"insularum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulīs",
"links": [
[
"īnsulīs",
"insulis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulam",
"links": [
[
"īnsulam",
"insulam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulās",
"links": [
[
"īnsulās",
"insulas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulā",
"links": [
[
"īnsulā",
"insula#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulīs",
"links": [
[
"īnsulīs",
"insulis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsula",
"links": [
[
"īnsula",
"insula#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "īnsula<1>"
},
"expansion": "īnsula f (genitive īnsulae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "īnsula<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "68 32",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Islands",
"orig": "la:Islands",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Landforms",
"orig": "la:Landforms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
50,
56
]
],
"english": "Iceland is a both mountainous and likewise rugged island, situated in the Caledonian Sea at a latitude of 64 degrees 55 minutes.",
"ref": "1772, Finnur Jónsson, chapter 1, in Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ [The Ecclesiastical History of Iceland], volume 1, Copenhagen: Orphanotrophius Regii, section 1, page 1:",
"text": "Islandia eſt inſula valde montoſa pariter ac ſinuoſa, in mari Caledonio ſita ſub gradu latitud: 64. 55.",
"translation": "Iceland is a both mountainous and likewise rugged island, situated in the Caledonian Sea at a latitude of 64 degrees 55 minutes.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"island"
],
"id": "en-insula-la-noun-KM0sXBXR",
"links": [
[
"island",
"island"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 62",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Housing",
"orig": "la:Housing",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Landforms",
"orig": "la:Landforms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"insula, a residential or apartment block (usually for the lower class), tenement, apartment building"
],
"id": "en-insula-la-noun-KLZ31ASI",
"links": [
[
"insula",
"insula#English"
],
[
"tenement",
"tenement"
],
[
"apartment building",
"apartment building"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈĩː.sʊ.ɫa]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈin.su.la]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "insula",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 21 1 25 37 5 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 22 1 27 38 3 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "insular"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of insular:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-insula-pt-verb-mAVATZoa",
"links": [
[
"insular",
"insular#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "insular"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of insular:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-insula-pt-verb-t9BbJvUh",
"links": [
[
"insular",
"insular#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "insula f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "the island",
"word": "insulă"
}
],
"glosses": [
"definite nominative singular of insulă: the island"
],
"id": "en-insula-ro-noun-PiSOhXn0",
"links": [
[
"insulă",
"insulă#Romanian"
],
[
"island",
"island"
]
],
"tags": [
"definite",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "the island",
"word": "insulă"
}
],
"glosses": [
"definite accusative singular of insulă: the island"
],
"id": "en-insula-ro-noun-QkzOEFMQ",
"links": [
[
"insulă",
"insulă#Romanian"
],
[
"island",
"island"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈinsula]"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "insulasyon"
},
"expansion": "Back-formation from insulasyon",
"name": "bf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "en",
"3": "insulation"
},
"expansion": "English insulation",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pseudo-loan",
"2": "pseudo-Hispanism"
},
"expansion": "pseudo-Hispanism",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "es",
"notext": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "pl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "insular",
"3": "",
"4": "insular; relating to islands"
},
"expansion": "Spanish insular (“insular; relating to islands”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to insulate"
},
"expansion": "“to insulate”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to insulate"
},
"expansion": "“to insulate”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "aislar"
},
"expansion": "Spanish aislar",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "es",
"3": "ínsula",
"4": "",
"5": "island",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Spanish ínsula (“island”)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "la",
"3": "īnsula"
},
"expansion": "Latin īnsula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "isla",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of isla",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Back-formation from insulasyon, from English insulation. Also, a pseudo-Hispanism thinking a verb Spanish insular (“insular; relating to islands”) exists to mean “to insulate”. However, the proper Spanish term for “to insulate” is Spanish aislar. See aysla. Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Spanish ínsula (“island”), from Latin īnsula, but the word is obsolete in Spanish. Possible doublet of isla.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "insulá",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜁᜈ᜔ᜐᜓᜎ",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "insulá",
"b": "+"
},
"expansion": "insulá (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔ᜐᜓᜎ)",
"name": "tl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"in‧su‧la"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"in‧su‧la"
]
}
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog back-formations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog pseudo-loans from Spanish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with mabilis pronunciation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "insulahin"
},
{
"word": "mag-insula"
},
{
"word": "pang-insula"
}
],
"glosses": [
"act of insulation"
],
"id": "en-insula-tl-noun-gD-5IbyB",
"links": [
[
"insulation",
"insulation"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "aysla"
},
{
"word": "ayslado"
},
{
"word": "ayslador"
},
{
"word": "ayslamyento"
},
{
"word": "insulado"
},
{
"word": "insulador"
},
{
"word": "insular"
},
{
"word": "insulares"
},
{
"word": "insulasyon"
},
{
"word": "isla"
},
{
"word": "peninsula"
},
{
"word": "peninsulares"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bukod"
},
{
"word": "hiwalay"
},
{
"word": "aysla"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʔinsuˈla/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʔɪn̪.sʊˈla]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English undefined derivations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with Marathi translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"en:Ancient Rome"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "insulostriatal"
},
{
"word": "perinsular"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "īnsula",
"4": "",
"5": "island"
},
"expansion": "Latin īnsula (“island”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "isle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of isle",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin īnsula (“island”). Doublet of isle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "insulas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "insulae",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "s",
"2": "insulae"
},
"expansion": "insula (plural insulas or insulae)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"in",
"su",
"la"
]
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "insular"
},
{
"word": "insulate"
},
{
"word": "insulation"
},
{
"word": "isolate"
},
{
"word": "isolation"
},
{
"word": "peninsula"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A block of buildings in a Roman town."
],
"links": [
[
"building",
"building"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) A block of buildings in a Roman town."
],
"senseid": [
"en:block of buildings in a Roman town"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Neuroanatomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
24
]
],
"ref": "2007 February 6, Sandra Blakeslee, “A Small Part of the Brain, and Its Profound Effects”, in New York Times:",
"text": "All mammals have insulas that read their body condition, Dr. Craig said.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
10
]
],
"ref": "2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 608:",
"text": "The insula registers our physical gut feelings, including the sensation of a distended stomach and other inner states like nausea, warmth, a full bladder, and a pounding heart.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A structure of the human brain located within the sylvian fissure."
],
"links": [
[
"neuroanatomy",
"neuroanatomy"
],
[
"brain",
"brain"
],
[
"sylvian fissure",
"sylvian fissure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neuroanatomy) A structure of the human brain located within the sylvian fissure."
],
"senseid": [
"en:neuroanatomy"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "insular cortex"
},
{
"word": "island of Reil"
}
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"neuroanatomy",
"neurology",
"neuroscience",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪnsjuːlə/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɪnsulə/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Sumxr-insula.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-insula.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-insula.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-insula.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Sumxr-insula.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"word": "insula"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"word": "roomalainen vuokrakasarmi"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"lang_code": "mr",
"roman": "insulā",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"word": "इनसुला"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ínsula"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "a block of buildings in a Roman town",
"word": "insula"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus",
"word": "aivosaari"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus",
"word": "insula"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ínsula"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": ":af",
"3": "insulo<t:island>",
"4": "-a",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nEsperanto insulo\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Italic *-ā\nLatin -ader.\n▲\nLatin -a\nItalian -ader.\n▲\nLatin -a\nOld Spanish -a\nSpanish -ader.\nEsperanto -a\nEsperanto insula\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"feminine\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-ā<id:nominal>\", \"id\" : \"nominal\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"id\" : \"feminine\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-ā<id:nominal>\", \"id\" : \"nominal\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Spanish\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"osp\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Spanish\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"es\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Esperanto\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"eo\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Esperanto\", \"term\" : \"insula\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"eo\" }\" data-lang=\"eo\" data-title=\"insula\">\nFrom insulo (“island”) + -a.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nEsperanto insulo\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Italic *-ā\nLatin -ader.\n▲\nLatin -a\nItalian -ader.\n▲\nLatin -a\nOld Spanish -a\nSpanish -ader.\nEsperanto -a\nEsperanto insula\nFrom insulo (“island”) + -a.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "insulan",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "insulaj",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "insulajn",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "insula (accusative singular insulan, plural insulaj, accusative plural insulajn)",
"name": "eo-head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"in‧su‧la"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"in‧su‧la"
]
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Esperanto 3-syllable words",
"Esperanto adjectives",
"Esperanto entries referencing missing etymons",
"Esperanto entries with etymology texts",
"Esperanto entries with etymology trees",
"Esperanto entries with etymon",
"Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"Esperanto lemmas",
"Esperanto terms suffixed with -a",
"Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Esperanto terms with audio pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Esperanto/ula",
"Rhymes:Esperanto/ula/3 syllables"
],
"glosses": [
"insular"
],
"links": [
[
"insular",
"insular"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/inˈsula/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ula"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "insulas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ia",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "insulas",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"head": "",
"pagename": ""
},
"expansion": "insula (plural insulas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "insula (plural insulas)",
"name": "ia-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "insular"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Interlingua entries with incorrect language header",
"Interlingua lemmas",
"Interlingua nouns",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"island"
],
"links": [
[
"island",
"island#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 3-syllable words",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from substrate languages",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"la:Housing",
"la:Islands",
"la:Landforms"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Īnsula"
},
{
"word": "īnsulānus"
},
{
"word": "īnsulāris"
},
{
"word": "īnsulārius"
},
{
"word": "īnsulēnsis"
},
{
"word": "īnsulō"
},
{
"word": "īnsulōsus"
},
{
"word": "paenīnsula"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "insua"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ínsua"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "inssoa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "insua"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ínsua"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "insoa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "insua"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ínsua"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "insua"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "insla"
}
],
"lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"word": "isula"
},
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "îṡla"
},
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "îsla"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "ila"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "isola"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "isla"
}
],
"lang": "Old Navarro-Aragonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ona"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "île"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "isle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "île"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "île"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrf",
"word": "île"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "iye"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "isle"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "yle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "isle"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ile"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "isle"
},
{
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"lang_code": "nap",
"word": "isule"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ilha"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "illa"
},
{
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ilha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "illa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "ilha"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "illa"
},
{
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ilha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ilha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"lang_code": "roa-oca",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "iscla"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "illa"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "illa"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "iscla"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "illa"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "ilha"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "iscla"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "illa"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "ísla"
},
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "ízla"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "islla"
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "isla"
},
{
"lang": "Extremaduran",
"lang_code": "ext",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "isla"
},
{
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ysla"
},
{
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "yslla"
},
{
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "yslha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "isla"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "isule"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "ìsule"
}
],
"lang": "Rhaeto-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"word": "isula"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "ìsula"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "ixoła"
},
{
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "ixola"
},
{
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ishull"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"lang_code": "nap"
},
{
"lang": "Calabrian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc"
},
{
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn"
}
],
"lang": "Southern and insular Italian languages",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"learned borrowing",
"learned"
],
"word": "insula"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*insulā"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ínsula"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "insulă"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ínsula"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"id": "island"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "νῆσος",
"3": "",
"4": "island"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek νῆσος (nêsos, “island”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*enistī",
"3": "",
"4": "island"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *enistī (“island”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "enez"
},
"expansion": "Breton enez",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "inis",
"id": "island"
},
"expansion": "Irish inis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ynys"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ynys",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*selh₂-",
"4": "*solh₂-",
"5": "place, ground"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“place, ground”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "salà",
"3": "",
"4": "island"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian salà (“island”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The relation to similar forms such as Ancient Greek νῆσος (nêsos, “island”) and Proto-Celtic *enistī (“island”) (whence Breton enez, Irish inis and Welsh ynys) is unclear.\nPokorny (1959) tentatively connects it to salum (“the sea”): he posits ellipsis from terra in salō (“land in the sea”) to in (“in”) + salō, invoking the similar Ancient Greek word ἔναλος (énalos, “maritime”). De Vaan considers this derivation phonetically solid, though semantically vague and unlikely. For an alternative he offers a connection of *-sul- to Proto-Indo-European *solh₂- (“place, ground”) as in solum; compare Lithuanian salà (“island”). Perhaps instead of foreign or substrate origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "īnsula",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsula",
"links": [
[
"īnsula",
"insula#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulārum",
"links": [
[
"īnsulārum",
"insularum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulīs",
"links": [
[
"īnsulīs",
"insulis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulam",
"links": [
[
"īnsulam",
"insulam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulās",
"links": [
[
"īnsulās",
"insulas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulā",
"links": [
[
"īnsulā",
"insula#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulīs",
"links": [
[
"īnsulīs",
"insulis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsula",
"links": [
[
"īnsula",
"insula#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "īnsulae",
"links": [
[
"īnsulae",
"insulae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "īnsula<1>"
},
"expansion": "īnsula f (genitive īnsulae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "īnsula<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with quotations",
"Terms with Latin translations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
50,
56
]
],
"english": "Iceland is a both mountainous and likewise rugged island, situated in the Caledonian Sea at a latitude of 64 degrees 55 minutes.",
"ref": "1772, Finnur Jónsson, chapter 1, in Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ [The Ecclesiastical History of Iceland], volume 1, Copenhagen: Orphanotrophius Regii, section 1, page 1:",
"text": "Islandia eſt inſula valde montoſa pariter ac ſinuoſa, in mari Caledonio ſita ſub gradu latitud: 64. 55.",
"translation": "Iceland is a both mountainous and likewise rugged island, situated in the Caledonian Sea at a latitude of 64 degrees 55 minutes.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"island"
],
"links": [
[
"island",
"island"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"insula, a residential or apartment block (usually for the lower class), tenement, apartment building"
],
"links": [
[
"insula",
"insula#English"
],
[
"tenement",
"tenement"
],
[
"apartment building",
"apartment building"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈĩː.sʊ.ɫa]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈin.su.la]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese non-lemma forms",
"Portuguese verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "insula",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "insular"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of insular:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"insular",
"insular#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "insular"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of insular:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"insular",
"insular#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian non-lemma forms",
"Romanian noun forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "insula f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "the island",
"word": "insulă"
}
],
"glosses": [
"definite nominative singular of insulă: the island"
],
"links": [
[
"insulă",
"insulă#Romanian"
],
[
"island",
"island"
]
],
"tags": [
"definite",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "the island",
"word": "insulă"
}
],
"glosses": [
"definite accusative singular of insulă: the island"
],
"links": [
[
"insulă",
"insulă#Romanian"
],
[
"island",
"island"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈinsula]"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "insulahin"
},
{
"word": "mag-insula"
},
{
"word": "pang-insula"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "insulasyon"
},
"expansion": "Back-formation from insulasyon",
"name": "bf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "en",
"3": "insulation"
},
"expansion": "English insulation",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pseudo-loan",
"2": "pseudo-Hispanism"
},
"expansion": "pseudo-Hispanism",
"name": "lg"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "es",
"notext": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "pl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "insular",
"3": "",
"4": "insular; relating to islands"
},
"expansion": "Spanish insular (“insular; relating to islands”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to insulate"
},
"expansion": "“to insulate”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to insulate"
},
"expansion": "“to insulate”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "aislar"
},
"expansion": "Spanish aislar",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "es",
"3": "ínsula",
"4": "",
"5": "island",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Spanish ínsula (“island”)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "la",
"3": "īnsula"
},
"expansion": "Latin īnsula",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "isla",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of isla",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Back-formation from insulasyon, from English insulation. Also, a pseudo-Hispanism thinking a verb Spanish insular (“insular; relating to islands”) exists to mean “to insulate”. However, the proper Spanish term for “to insulate” is Spanish aislar. See aysla. Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Spanish ínsula (“island”), from Latin īnsula, but the word is obsolete in Spanish. Possible doublet of isla.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "insulá",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "ᜁᜈ᜔ᜐᜓᜎ",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "insulá",
"b": "+"
},
"expansion": "insulá (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔ᜐᜓᜎ)",
"name": "tl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"in‧su‧la"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"in‧su‧la"
]
}
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "aysla"
},
{
"word": "ayslado"
},
{
"word": "ayslador"
},
{
"word": "ayslamyento"
},
{
"word": "insulado"
},
{
"word": "insulador"
},
{
"word": "insular"
},
{
"word": "insulares"
},
{
"word": "insulasyon"
},
{
"word": "isla"
},
{
"word": "peninsula"
},
{
"word": "peninsulares"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Tagalog/a",
"Rhymes:Tagalog/a/3 syllables",
"Tagalog 3-syllable words",
"Tagalog back-formations",
"Tagalog doublets",
"Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"Tagalog lemmas",
"Tagalog nouns",
"Tagalog pseudo-loans from Spanish",
"Tagalog terms borrowed from Spanish",
"Tagalog terms derived from English",
"Tagalog terms derived from Latin",
"Tagalog terms derived from Spanish",
"Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with mabilis pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries"
],
"glosses": [
"act of insulation"
],
"links": [
[
"insulation",
"insulation"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bukod"
},
{
"word": "hiwalay"
},
{
"word": "aysla"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʔinsuˈla/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʔɪn̪.sʊˈla]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Tagalog"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "insula"
}
Download raw JSONL data for insula meaning in All languages combined (25.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.